VARIETIES SITE PREPARATION FERTILITY HOME
SITE SELECTION PLANTING DISEASES HARVESTING
Growers: ROTATION PRUNING PESTS LINKSRed Rasberries have been cultivated in Europe for over 400 years. In North America, cultivated raspberries originated from two groups: red raspberries,
Raspberries are perennial plants, which means that
they keep growing year after year without needing to be replanted. It takes
about three years before
raspberry plants reach full-bearing fruit potential. When fruit forms
on the stems, the berries take from two to three weeks to ripen. The picking
season
for red raspberries begins in late June, and usually lasts for four
to six weeks. Raspberries are both hand-picked and machine-harvested. A
very
delicate process is required for harvesting raspberries because they
are fragile and easily damaged.
Check out the fiber in raspberries! One cup of raspberries
has 32% of the dietary fiber our bodies need every day. Raspberries also
are high in vitamin
C; one cup contains 40% of the vitamin C we need in a day.
Varieties
1.Floricanes
-summer bearing varieties
-canes bear fruit 2nd year
-harvest late July to early August
-most common
K81-6 This is a dependable winter hardy variety that was developed
and released from the Agriculture and Agri-Food Center in Kentville, Nova
Scotia. Berries tend to be large, firm and have a good flavor.
The plants are vigorous and face problems with fireblight and leaf curl
virus.
Boyne- Released from Morden, Manitoba's Agriculture and Agri-Food
Center in the 1960's this cultivar is the most commonly planted due to
it's dependability, hardiness and productivity. Juicy, firm, and
aromatic berries are produced. The medium sized berries are easily
held by sturdy branches.
Killarney- Developed following Boyne from Morden plants tend
to be hardy, vigorous, and prickly. This cultivar is also known to
be susceptible to powdery mildew and yields are lower than that of Boyne.
Berries are larger, bearing sweet and aromatic flavor and juicy characteristic.
They are also less suited to freezing and processing.
Nova- From the Agriculture and Agri-Food Center in Kentville,
this selection lacks characteristics of winter hardiness. Berries
are medium size, firm, and have good flavor. The canes have only
a few prickles.
Souris- Another Morden selection from the early 1990's that
shows good hardiness to the prairies. The plant is adaptable and
canes are shorter than most. Fruit on this is usually both sweet
and tart.
SK Red Bounty- Developed at the University of Saskatchewan,
red mammoth, was released in 1999. It shows superior qualities to
Boyne in that the berries are larger, weigh more, and have more soluble
solids. Plants appear to be more winter hardy than Boyne and are
suitable for machine harvesting. Though they are suited to fresh
eating they are more appropriate for processing.
SK Red Mammoth- This cultivar was also released from the University
of Saskatchewan in 1999, showing improved qualities to that of Boyne.
Berries are large and suited mostly for processing, but fresh consumption
is a definite option. Plants show average vigor and fitted for mechanical
harvesting. Trellising is required for plants grown in small rows
in order to achieve better productivity. Another excellent quality
is Red Mammoth is a long season producer with the highest yields occurring
during the mid to late season.
2.Primocanes
-fall bearing varieties
-fruit is developed on new growth
-harvest from mid August/early September to frost
-early frosts are the limiting factor
Red River- hardy to zone 3 or areas with good snow cover (ie.
Southern Saskatchewan) this selection was released just prior to Double
Delight for the Agriculture and Agri-Food Center in Morden. The plant
is composed of short, stout canes that have few prickles. The fruit
is first harvested around August 16 with fruit that is medium in size and
weight.
Double Delight- A distinguishing characteristic of this cultivar
is the tendency to form twin berries. The fruit is conical shaped,
sweet and tart, and ripens around August 25, when it is ready for harvest.
This selection should not be planted alone in commercial uses as is not
dependable due to variable environmental conditions in the area.
Early frosts can wipe out a season's crop quite unpredictably.
Heavy
wire is secured along the lengths between posts as shown. Poles should
be buried at least two feet into ground.
V
trellises are somewhat similar to the T. However, poles are secured
in the ground at an angle of 30 degrees.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Anthracnose | -reddish purple spots -spots turn gray or white -occurs on canes, leaves flower buds, fruit | -spores released from infected tissue in spring -spread by rain -immature tissues are more susceptible | -remove old canes -avoid overhead watering -avoid overuse of N fertilizer -allow for good air circulation | -Ferbam -Captan 50 |
| Cane Blight | -silver or gray epidermis -patches of dried spores on discolored area -seen on old cane stubs | -spores released spring to fall and spread by rain -more severe in wet seasons -enters plant through wounds or spines -immature tissues at higher risk | -remove infected canes -avoid dense planting -control weeds -avoid overhead watering -avoid overuse of N fertilizer | -Lime sulphur
-apply in spring |
| Spur Blight | -brown V-shaped areas with yellow border -dark or purple lesions on infected cane -lesions turn gray over winter -no new buds or weak lateral shoots | -growing season initiates spore release | -prune old canes -promote good air circulation -control weeds -spray efficiently | -Captan -Ferbam -Lime sulphur -Maestro |
| Bacterial Blight | -black, wilted shoots, tips, or primocanes -dark water, soaked spots -leaf spotting in fall -dead buds in spring | -bacteria overwinters in buds -driven by cool, wet conditions -green tissue most susceptible | -avoid excess N fertilizer -avoid pruning too late. This stimulates new growth | -Copper 53W -Copper Spray -Copper oxychloride 50 |
| Crown Gall | -galls on roots or crowns -severe diseased may be yellow or stunted -poor fruit quality | -bacteria is carried in the soil -infection enter through wounds -symptoms inhibited below -15° C & +32° C -galls die, but are replaced in the next season | -use certified plants -avoid planting canes with galls -remove any or all parts with galls -avoid wounding plants | -Dygall (biological control as pre-plant) |
| Botrytis Fruit Rot/ Gray Mold Fruit Rot | -flowers turn brown in -gray mycelium and spores are found on tissues -berries shrivel or rot after harvest | -fungus overwinters in high humidity -favored by wet conditions -prone to areas that are physically injured flowers -grows with maturing fruit | -allow for good air infected tissue circulation for quick drying -control weeds -train canes for open canopy | -Benlate -Captan -Maestro -Senator -Rovral WP |
| Powdery Mildew | -green botches on upper leaves -white powdered areas on underside of leaf -mealy white, powdery fungus on berries | -fungus overwinters in buds or shoot tips -many spores produced on infected leaves -spores transported by air | -good air circulation -maintain narrow rows | -Benlate -Senator |
| Root Rot | -groups of plants affected -fruiting canes suddenly wilt and die -stunted growth of plants -produce weak lateral shoots -yellowing leaves or scorched appearance -discoloring of roots | -fungi living in the soil infect roots -fungi live in soil for many years -plants are weakened and vulnerable -wet soil conditions promote root rot | -avoid low areas that are poorly drained and water accumulates -avoid areas recently cleared of tree stands | -Ridomil 240EC
-Aliette -for Phytophthora root rot -Ridomil 240EC -for Pythium root rot |
| Virus Diseases | -ring spots, mosaic patterns yellow mottling, yellow along veins on leaves -curling of leaves -stunted plants -fruit fragmented and poor quality | -aphids are vectors -methods of broadcasting varies | -plant certified varieties -control insects such as aphids -rogue out plants showing symptoms | -none registered |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tarnished Plant Bug | -adults 5-7mm long and 2.5mm wide
-color can be black, dull brown, or green -nymphs are pale green
|
-two generations/year
-adults overwinter in raspberries -adults lay eggs on host and nymphs feed on plant -most damage occurs after petal fall |
-none |  |
| Mites | -two spotted spider mites
-nymphs have 3 pairs of legs, adults have 4 -very small ~0.5mm -several generations/year |
-adults overwinter in debris or old hosts
-found on underside of leaves in webbing -cause red or bronze spots on leaves that eventually fall off |
-Apollo SC (15) |  |
| Leaf rollers | -up to 3 generations/year | -larvae or pupae overwinter
-adults lay eggs in May and larvae feed on unfolded leaves -rolled and webbed leaves |
-DiPel
-Foray -Guthion (7) -Sevin (11) -Sniper (7) |
 |
| Aphids | -pale green to green to black to red
-winged or wingless -pierce plant tissue and suck out juices |
-overwinter or migrate from south
-wilting or distortion of leaves |
-Diazinon2
-Basudin2 -Sniper (7) -Guthion (3) -Sevin (11) |
 |
| Leafhoppers | -wedge-shaped
-3-5mm long -white, pale green, yellow, black -one generation/year |
-species migrate from U.S.A.
-hoppers pierce underside of leaves and suck out juices |
-Diazinon2
-Basudin2 -Guthion (7) -Sniper (7) -Malathion 25W/500 (1) -Sevin (11) |
 |
| Raspberry Crown Borer | -looks similar to wasp
-adults black with yellow stripes -eggs laid on leaf underside -larvae hatch and move to cane base and hollow out a spot to overwinter |
-symptoms confused with cane blight
-wilting of leaves with half grown fruit attached -canes break at damaged area -swelling on crown |
-remove all wild brambles
-prune out diseased area -Diazinon2 -Basudin2 -Sniper (7) -Guthion (3) |
 |
| Raspberry Fruitworm | -small, oval-shaped beetles
-yellowish-brown -larvae are ~7mm long -one generation/per |
-eggs laid on unopened blossoms
-larvae feed on flowers then burrow into fruit -longitudinal holes in leaves to skeletonization -destroy flower clusters -early fruit fall |
-Diazinon2
-Basudin2 -Malathion 25W (1) |
 |
| Raspberry Sawfly | -adult is 6mm
-black with yellow spot on abdomen -larvae are light green, covered with bristles |
-lays eggs in leaf tissue
-larvae eat leaf underside, flower buds, young fruit, and shoots -small holes in leaves to leaf skeletonization |
-Diazinon2
-Basudin2 |
 |
| Root Weevils | -active at night
-adults 5-9mm long -black, brown, gray -larvae are legless and 6mm -one generation/year |
-overwinter in host
-rot feeding causes stunted growth -leaves turn red -fruit is small and seedy -plant death can occur with presence of drought |
-Sniper (7)
-Guthion (7) |
 |